讓人混淆的speak talk say 與tell
say、tell、talk、speak這四個字的意思非常接近,而且,在某些情況下,有些字可以互換。這一點,也導致許多人無法很清楚分辨他們的用法,在使用上,常常犯錯。其實,依照這四個字的使用情境,我們可以把他們分成兩組,第一組是say和tell,第二組是speak和talk。
say 和tell
say的意思是「說」,他的受詞一定是說話的內容,可以是有上下引號的直接引述,或是使用名詞子句的間接引述。如果在句子中要表示出聆聽者,則要用to來帶出來。其常用句型為:
- A says, “…..”
- A says that S V.
- A says to B, “…..”
- A says to B that SV.
tell的意思是「告訴」,他的受詞主要是聆聽者。後面可以再加上被說的話,可以是直接引述或間接引述。或者,也可以在聆聽者後加上to V,意思是主詞叫聆聽者去做一件事。其常用句型為:
- A tells B, “…..”
- A tells B that SV.
- A tells B to V.
發現say 跟tell的用法差別了嗎?tell後面直接接上聆聽者,而say要先加上to,才能接上聆聽者,並且say後面一定要有被說出的話。
- You have to say something to Mary about her lousy plan.
- She said, “John is leaving tomorrow.”
- She said to me John was leaving the next day.
=She told me, “John is leaving tomorrow.”
=She told me John was leaving the next day. - My teacher told me to clean the classroom.
- I told him the truth.
speak和talk
當語意是聊天、對話時,就使用speak或talk。這兩個字都強調溝通,所以要隱含兩方互相對話,有來有往。speak用在比較正式的場合,例如學生經常功課沒交,老師會把他叫去聊一聊,這時候要用speak。talk則使用在不那麼正視嚴肅的場合下聊天。還有一個chat,也是聊天的意思,但是,使用這個字的時候,聊天的內容就比較像閒聊的味道。
talk的常用句型:
- A talks with B about something.(A跟B聊著一個主題,不是正式嚴肅的場合)
- A talks to B.(A要跟B說一些事)
speak的常用句型
- A speaks to B about something.(很正式,老師叫學生去聊聊的那種)
- A and B speaks about something.
- A speaks with B.(A找B聊天是為了尋求B的意見)
- She talked with her friends about her trip.
- I need to talk to John.
- My boss told me he wanted to speak to me about my project.
- “Mom, I need to speak with you,” Mary said.
say tell speak和talk的其他用法與常用片語
say
因為say後面要接上被說的話,所以他的意思可以延伸為
- 據說:因為別人說,你聽到了
- 表達意見:說出來的話就是自己的意見
- 認為:說出的話就是自己認為的事
- 表現出來:一個人的神情跟肢體也可以說話
- 指示:招牌或東西上的字
- She is said to be a famous scientist.
- What do you say we take a bus to school instead of walking?
- They all say 2020 is the worst year.
- The look on my mother’s face said something was wrong.
- The sign says, “No swimming.”
say的常用片語:
- can say for sure (certain)說話者確定自己所說為真
can’t say for sure (certain)說話者不太確定 - say a few words about …說幾句話
- How can you say something about someone?你怎麼可以這麼說這個人
- dare say..敢說 — 說話者認為自己說說的狀況會發生
daren’t say…不敢說 — 說話者怕聆聽者不高興 - say no more 不會再說第二次
tell
tell的主要意思是「告訴」,以此,我們可以將他的意思延伸為:
- 知道:自己要先知道,才能告訴別人
- 分辨:知道了,就能分辨不同
- 說故事、實話、謊話、算命、告狀:都是在告訴別人
- 顯露:給予資訊,但不是用說的
- I can tell you are in trouble.我看得出來你有麻煩
- You can never tell what will happen tomorrow.你永遠不知道明天會怎樣
- No one can tell the difference.沒有人能看出不同來
- I can’t tell the twins apart.我分辨不出這對雙胞胎誰是誰
- Most children tell tales.大部份的孩子都會告狀
- The survey tells us about the lives of the elder.
tell的常用片語:
- tell the truth
- tell a lie
- tell a story
- tell somebody about something
- There is no telling +名詞子句 — 無法知道…
- something tells on somebody 某事對某人產生不良的影響或損害了健康
- somebody tells on A to B某人對B告發了A
- A tells B off for Ving A責備B,因為B做了…
talk
talk的主要意思是聊天,聊天都會有一個主題會帶著一個目的,所以它的意思可以被延伸為:
- 開口說話:聊天就是開口說話
- 談論:聊著某個主題的是,就是談論
- 說服:跟人聊著聊著,就讓人去做某件事,就是說服
- My little sister started to talk.開始學會說話
- I hate talking politics.討厭談論政治
- She talked me into going to France with her.說服我跟他一起去法國
talk的常用片語:
- talk somebody into Ving說服某人做…
- talk somebody out of Ving說服某人不要做…
- talk back to somebody回嘴、頂嘴
- talk over somebody搶話
- talk around a topic因為話題敏感,繞著圈說
- talk on a subject就某個主題說話
- talk down to somebody用居高臨下的態度對人說話
- talk down something貶低某事
speak
speak的用途很廣,有以下幾個語意:
- 說話:開口就能說話,說任何語言,就用speak
- 責備、告誡:當聊天的內容是指責一方的錯誤時
- 演說:對著一堆人說話
- 表明、顯露:沒有用語言,用眼神或肢體
- She can speak English, French and Chinese fluently.
- Students often speak in a whisper in class.小聲說話
- The teacher decided to speak to the student when she found out he cheated.老師發現學生作弊,決定告誡他
- Professor Brown will speak tonight.演講
- His eyes spoke his real feeling for her.他的眼神流露出他對他的真實情感
speak的常用片語:
- speak up說大聲點
- speak up for somebody為某人說好話或辯護
- speak for 支持
- speak against 反對
- speak ill of somebody說某人壞話
- speak well of somebody說某人好話
- speak one’s min說出心裡的話
- Speak for yourself! 那是你的想法,我可不是這樣
- so to speak可以這麼說
- generally speaking一般來說
學習者如果有其他易混淆的單字上的疑惑,可以到我們『英文單字與片語』專頁,看看有沒有相關文章。