授與動詞的分類與句型
授與動詞大多在1200單字表中,是日常生活中最常使用的動詞,在口語中,常用句型為<主詞+動詞+間接受詞(人或生物)+直接受詞(物)>,在較正式場合或寫作時,多使用<主詞+動詞+直接受詞+to / for / of +間接受詞>。那授與動詞有哪些呢?我們依照在句子中使用哪個介系詞來帶出間接受詞,與能不能改寫成這ㄧ種句型,將授與動詞分成五類,並介紹一個技巧,可以快速判斷要使用哪個介系詞:
- 主詞+動詞+直接受詞+to+間接受詞:動作是直接對著間接受詞做,或作用到其身上,就要用to
- 主詞+動詞+直接受詞+for +間接受詞:動作沒有直接對著間接受詞做,而是為其而做,用for
- 主詞+動詞+直接受詞+of+間接受詞: 動詞有詢問的意思,如ask,其直接受詞為question或favor,則要用of
- 主詞+動詞+直接受詞+to or for +間接受詞:有些授與動詞,可以使用這兩個介系詞,語意可能會有些微差異
- 主詞+動詞+間接受詞+直接受詞:不改寫成另一種句型的授與動詞
句子可以改寫為<主詞+動詞+直接受詞+to+間接受詞>的授與動詞
這一類的授與動詞有give / lend / hand / show / take / teach / tell / write / sell / pass / send / read / owe / promise / cause / pay / throw,主詞在做這些動作時,都必須直接對著受詞做,所以用to。
- We paid her 200 dollars.
= We paid 200 dollars to her.
我們付了她200美元 - Linda taught him English.
= Linda taught English to him.
琳達教他英語 - He didn’t lend me any money.
= He didn’t lend any money to me.
他沒有借錢給我 - I decided not to pay him a visit.
= I decided not to pay a visit to him.
我決定不去拜訪他 - He told his son a story.
= He told a story to his son.
他給兒子講了一個故事 - Mary sold the man her car.
= Mary sold her car to the man.
瑪麗把車賣給了那個男人 - You must tell the judge the truth.
= You must tell the truth to the judge.
你必須對法官說實話 - Could you pass me that book?
= Could you pass that book to me?
你能把那本書遞給我嗎? - I think you owe John an apology.
= I think you owe an apology to John.
我認為你應該向約翰道歉 - I owe my wife a lot.
= I owe a lot to my wife.
我欠我的妻子很多 - The chef promised all the guests a delicious meal.
= The chef promised a delicious meal to all the guests.
廚師向所有客人承諾了美味佳餚 (保證食物美味) - The company promised its employees a raise.
= The company promised a raise to its employees.
那公司向員工承諾加薪 - The disaster caused people a lot of trouble.
= The disaster caused a lot of trouble to people.
這場災難給人們帶來了很多麻煩 - This experience caused him much mental suffering.
= This experience caused much mental suffering to him.
這段經歷給他造成了很大的精神痛苦
句子可以改寫為<主詞+動詞+直接受詞+for+間接受詞>的授與動詞
這一類的授與動詞有make / buy / cook / fetch / get / pick / find / choose / reserve / order / save / do / leave / peel,主詞在做這些動作時,都沒有對著受詞做,所以介系詞用for,表示是為了受詞而做。
- John asked me to find him an apartment.
=John asked me to find an apartment for him.
約翰讓我幫他找間公寓 - I bought my son a book.
= I bought a book for my son.
我幫我兒子買書 - He made me a cake.
= He made a cake for me.
他做了個蛋糕給我 - Can you do me a favor?
= Can you do a favor for me?
你可以幫我個忙嗎? - On Mother’s Day, her son cooked her a big meal.
= On Mother’s Day, her son cooked a big meal for her.
母親節那天,她兒子給她做了一頓大餐 - I’ve chosen Mike a present.
= I’ve chosen a present for Mike.
我給邁克選了一件禮物 (英式英文) - It will save me a lot of money.
= It will save a lot of money for me.
它會為我節省很多錢 - Can you fetch me my wallet?
= Can you fetch my wallet for me?
你能去幫我把我的錢包拿來嗎? - Please reserve me a seat.
= Please reserve a seat for me.
請給我預留座位 - She peeled me an orange.
= She peeled an orange for me.
她給我剝了一個橘子
句子可以改寫為<主詞+動詞+直接受詞+of+間接受詞>的授與動詞
這一類的授與動詞有ask,詢問某人問題或尋求幫助,介系詞使用of。
- Linda asked me a favor.
= Linda asked a favor of me.
琳達請我幫個忙
句子可以改寫為<主詞+動詞+直接受詞+to / for+間接受詞>的授與動詞
這一類的授與動詞有sing / bring / leave,介系詞用for時,表示是為了受詞而做,介系詞用to時,表示動作對著受詞做,以下以例句介紹他們在語意上的細微差別。
- He brought me an umbrella.
= He brought an umbrella for me. (這個人帶著雨傘是為了把它交給說話者,但並沒有表明他將雨傘直接交給說話者)
= He brought an umbrella to me. (暗示此人直接將雨傘遞給說話者) - She sang me a song.
= She sang a song for me. (一般多改寫成這個句子,表示她為我唱首歌)
= She sang a song to me. (她對著我唱歌,兩人關係比較親密) - She left me a note.
= She left a note for me.
她給我留了一張紙條 (leave大部分用for,留的動作沒有對著受詞做) - Her mother left her a lot of money.
= Her mother left a lot of money to her. (但留下遺產時,要用to帶出間接受詞)
只有用<主詞+動詞+間接受詞+直接受詞>的授與動詞
這一類的授與動詞本身只在口語中做授與動詞(真的找不到這兩個字當授與動詞時的另一句型例句),常見的有cost跟charge。
- That house cost me a fortune.
那房子花了我一大筆錢 - They charged me $20.
他們收我 20 美元
只能用一種句型的情況
這一類有兩種情況:一種是直接受詞為代名詞或間接受詞很長,這時候只能使用 – 主詞+動詞+直接受詞+to / for / of +間接受詞 – 這個句型; 另一種情況是直接受詞不是物品,是名詞子句時,通常不用上述的句型,只用 – 主詞+動詞+間接受詞+直接受詞 – 這個句型。以下以例句介紹他們的用法。
- I gave it to Mary.
- Her son made them for her.
*1-2這兩句的直接受詞為代名詞,只能用 – 主詞+動詞+直接受詞+to / for / of +間接受詞 – 這種句型 - We gave a course certificate to everyone who had attended 90% of the program.
我們為所有參加課程 90% 的人頒發了課程證書 - We fetched take-away pizzas for all the children who arrived home after eight o’ clock.
我們為所有八點後到家的孩子們取了外賣披薩
*3-4這兩句的間接受詞很長,用 – 主詞+動詞+直接受詞+to / for / of +間接受詞 – 這個句型語意比較清晰 - He promised Mary that he would come to her party.
他向瑪麗保證他會來參加她的聚會 - He told me that he would not see her anymore.
他告訴我他不會再見到她了
**5-6這兩句的直接受詞為名詞子句,為了讓語意清晰,用 – 主詞+動詞+間接受詞+直接受詞 – 這種句型
授與動詞的被動態與注意事項
因為授與動詞有兩個受詞:間接受詞為人或生物,直接受詞多為物。所以它的被動態也有兩種,一個主詞是物(主動態的直接受詞),另一個主詞是人或生物(主動態的的間接受詞)。
要注意,被動態的主詞是物(直接受詞)時,句型只能用 – 主詞+be動詞+過去分詞+to / for / of +間接受詞 ; 當被動態的主詞是人或生物(間接受詞)時,則使用 – 主詞+be動詞+過去分詞+直接受詞(物) – 這個句型。雖然,目前的寫作趨勢是,除非必要,儘量不要使用被動態,但如果不知做動作者,或是為造成懸疑等,使用被動態就非常合適了。
- He gave a book to Jane.
= A book was given to Jane (by him).
He gave Jane a book.
= Jane was given a book (by him).
*注意被動態的be動詞用現在還是過去,單數還是複數 - He brought a cup of coffee for me.
= A cup of coffee was brought for me.
He brought me a cup of coffee.
= I was brought a cup of coffee.
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