分詞構句的構成、主被動型態、否定形式與常見錯誤
為什麼寫作時，要使用分詞構句呢？主要有以下幾個考量：
- 使句子更簡潔 – 通過省略一些重複的詞語和結構，可以讓句子不顯得冗長，更加直接和明了
- 幫助強調句子的主要動作(主要子句)
- 增加句子的多樣性，避免過於單調，使文章更具可讀性和趣味性
- 提供背景、原因、條件等附加信息，卻不會讓句子顯得過於複雜
- 使句子之間更加連貫 – 尤其是在描述一系列動作或事件時，分詞構句能夠自然地連接這些動作。
在使用分詞構句時，需注意分詞構句的動作者(也就是被省略的主詞)要跟主要子句的主詞一致、避免懸垂分詞以及分詞構句的否定形式和修飾對象。
分詞構句是如何演化而來？
英文有三大從屬子句：名詞子句、形容詞子句跟副詞子句。這三種子句都可以藉由將動詞加上ing，從而轉化成分詞片語。其中，副詞子句所轉化的分詞片語叫做分詞構句，其詞性一樣是副詞，表達原因、時間、條件、結果、讓步等各種語義關係。
除了副詞子句外，對等連接詞and所連接的兩個句子(如果and連接的兩個動作或事件的發生具有先後發生或同時發生的關係)，也可以變為分詞構句。演化步驟介紹如下：
首先介紹句子的基本概念：只要有主詞跟動詞，就是一個句子，句子的第一個字的第一個字母要大寫，並且在句子的結尾要打句號。一個句子裡，只能有一組主詞跟動詞，如果要加上另外的一組(也就是另外一個句子)，合起來構成一個句子，就需要一個連接詞。當另外的這個句子在整個組合起來的句子中，功能是副詞，就叫做副詞子句。
常見的副詞子句的連接詞有when / while / after / until / since / because / although (though) / if等。其中，最常被簡化為分詞構句的句子是when / while / because / although (though) / after，因為這幾個連接詞所連接的兩個句子之間的關係比較明確，將連接詞省略，較不會產生語意模糊的問題。
接下來，分步驟說明副詞子句如何轉化為分詞構句：
Because she felt tired, she went to bed early.
這個句子中，(because she felt tired)是副詞子句，表示主要句子的原因
– (because she feeling tired, she went to bed early)
將副詞子句的動詞felt加上ing(變成feeling)，破壞動詞，因為這樣就不是一個正確的句子，所以不打逗號，也不大寫
– (she feeling tired, she went to bed early)
沒有兩個句子，就不需要連接詞because(如果連接詞省略會造成句子的兩個部分的關係模糊，就要留下連接詞)
– Feeling tired, she went to bed early.
因為兩個動作的主詞是相同的，將變成Ving形式的部分的主詞省略，這樣就是分詞構句了。因為這樣就是一個正確的句子，所以第一個字大寫，句尾打句號
下面為由不同連接詞所帶領的副詞子句轉化為分詞構句的例子：
- Because she was tired, she went to bed early.
– Being tired, she went to bed early.
因為累了，她早早上床睡覺。 - Because they saw the approaching storm, they decided to head back home.
– Seeing the approaching storm, they decided to head back home.
因為他們看見暴風雨將至，他們決定回家。 - When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.
– Arriving at the station, I found that the train had already left.
到達車站時，火車已經開走了。 - Although he had little experience, he managed to complete the project successfully.
– Having little experience, he managed to complete the project successfully.
雖然經驗不足，他還是成功完成了這個項目。 - When she heard the news, she started to cry.
– Hearing the news, she started to cry.
聽到這個消息時，她開始哭了。 - Although she knew it was risky, she decided to invest in the new company.
Knowing it was risky, she decided to invest in the new company.
雖然知道這是有風險的，她還是決定投資那家新公司。
(如果覺得兩個動作之間的關係不明確，可以留下連接詞although，較不會產生語意模糊的問題) - After he finished dinner, he watched TV.
– Finishing dinner, he watched TV.
(同樣地，覺得兩個動作的關係不明確時，留下連接詞after，較不會產生語意模糊的問題)
在構成分詞構句時，有時會不省略連接詞，這樣可以保持句子的流暢性、強調某些特定的語意關係，或者避免誤解。
- When I walk alone at night, I always stay alert.
– When walking alone at night, I always stay alert.
獨自在夜裡走路時，我總是保持警覺。
保留when可以強調這個動作在特定時間發生，讓讀者一下子就能了解兩個動作間的關係。 - While you study for exams, you should take regular breaks.
– While studying for exams, you should take regular breaks.
你在準備考試時應該定期休息。
保留while強調了兩個動作在時間上的重疊性，表明「定期休息」這個動作應該是在「準備考試」這段時間中進行的。 - Although she was tired, she continued to work on the project.
– Although tired, she continued to work on the project.
雖然疲憊，她還是繼續工作。
留下連接詞although，可以讓讀者一眼看出兩個動作間讓步關係，表明即使有不利因素(疲倦)，動作仍然發生 - After they cleaned the house, they sat down to rest.
– After cleaning the house, they sat down to rest.
打掃完房子後，他們坐下來休息。
留下連接詞after，可以讓讀者一眼看出兩個動作有先後發生的關係
and是一個對等連接詞，當它連接兩個句子時，者兩個句子的重要性是相等的，所以我們稱and後面帶冷的子句為對等子句。如果and的語意是然後，就表示兩個句子所描述的動作或事件有先後關係，就要破壞先發生的動作的句子。步驟如下：
She finished her homework and went out to play.
這個句子and後面直接接動詞went，因為做動作的人跟前面動詞finished是同一個人
– She finished her homework and she went out to play.
先將went的動詞補回來
– (she finishing her homework and she went out to play)
看語意，很明顯這不是兩個同時發生的動作，所以要破壞先發生的動作。將finish加上ing破壞動詞。因為這樣就不是一個正確的句子，所以不打逗號，也不大寫
– (she finishing her homework, she went out to play)
省略連接詞and，打上逗號(分詞構句一定要跟主要子句用逗號隔開)
– Finishing her homework, she went out to play.
分詞finishing所在的部分的主詞she，因為跟主要句子的主詞相同，所以要省略。這時就是完整的句子了，要將大寫跟句號補上
如果and前後的動作是同時發生，就要寫在and後面的破壞動作，構成分詞構句。步驟如下：
He walked into the room and smiled.
他微笑著走進房間。
– (he walked into the room and smiling)
依照句意，這兩個動作應該是同時發生，所以要將and後面的動詞smile加上ing，破壞動詞
– He walked into the room, smiling.
將連接詞and省略，加上逗號與主要子句隔開(分詞構句一定要跟主要子句用逗號隔開)，這樣就可以了
下面例句中，分詞構句的部分用粗體標示出來，請注意逗號
- They stood by the window and watched the rain.
=They stood by the window, watching the rain.
他們站在窗邊，看著雨。 - I entered the kitchen and smelled the delicious food.
=I entered the kitchen, smelling the delicious food.
我走進廚房，聞到了美味的食物。 - The dog barked loudly and woke up the neighbors.
=The dog barked loudly, waking up the neighbors.
狗大聲叫，吵醒了鄰居。
以上的例句，都是兩個動作同時發生，就破壞寫在and後面的動作(將動詞加上ing)，成為分詞構句 - He put on his coat and left the house.
=Putting on his coat, he left the house.
他穿上外套，然後離開了家。 - He brushed his teeth and looked at himself in the mirror.
=Brushing his teeth, he looked at himself in the mirror.
他刷完牙，然後看著鏡子裡的自己。
以上的例句，兩個動作都是先後發生，就破壞先發生的動作(在and前面的動詞加上ing)，成為分詞構句
熟悉了基本分詞構句的演化與構成後，可以再進一步地練習將多個動作，利用分詞構句來讓句子顯得簡潔。
下面的例句是將三個簡單的句子結合成一個句子，第一個動作先發生，使用分詞構句，後面兩個動作同時發生，用and連接，這樣一來，句子變得更為流暢，且避免了重複的主語。
She woke up early. She went for a run. She felt refreshed.
=Waking up early, she went for a run and felt refreshed.
早起後，她去跑步，感覺神清氣爽 。
還可以將多個分詞構句的連用來描述一系列動作或事件。例如：Hearing the news, feeling excited, and jumping with joy, she couldn’t contain her happiness.（聽到這個消息，她既激動又高興，無法抑制自己的喜悅。）
分詞構句中的being的省略
在將副詞子句變成分詞構句的時候，如果動詞有being + Ving (進行是主動態)/ being + Vpp (被動態)，我們可以留下being，也可以在不影響讀者的理解下，再進一步省略，只留下Ving(現在分詞)或Vpp(過去分詞)，讓語句更為簡潔。
當副詞子句是現在進行式時，大多會省略being，只留下Ving; 若是被動態，則只會剩下Vpp; 如果剩下的是形容詞，如果後面還有其他的字，being也可以省略。下面舉被動態的例子說明：
When the shapes are seen in the dark, they are hard to identify.
– Being seen in the dark, the shapes are hard to identify.
– Seen in the dark, the shapes are hard to identify.(省略 being):
- Because they were confident in their results, the researchers published their findings.
– Being confident in their results, the researchers published their findings.
– Confident in their results, the researchers published their findings.
研究人員對他們的結果充滿信心，因此他們發表了他們的研究成果。 - As he was walking home, he met an old friend.
– Being walking home, he met an old friend.
– Walking home, he met an old friend.(進行式通常要省略being)
走路回家的時候，他遇到了一位老朋友。 - Because she was surprised by the news, she couldn’t speak.
– Being surprised by the news, she couldn’t speak.
=- Surprised by the news, she couldn’t speak.
她因為這個消息感到驚訝，以至於說不出話來。 - If it is seen from this angle, the painting looks different.
– Being seen from this angle, the painting looks different.
– Seen from this angle, the painting looks different.
(如果)從這個角度看，這幅畫看起來不一樣。 - Because it was written in a hurry, the report contained several errors.
– Being written in a hurry, the report contained several errors.
– Written in a hurry, the report contained several errors.
因為這份報告是匆促寫成的，有好幾個錯誤。 - After it was approved by the committee, the proposal moved to the next stage.
– being approved by the committee, the proposal moved to the next stage.
– Approved by the committee, the proposal moved to the next stage.
被委員會批准後，該提案進入了下一階段。 - Because the board members were certain of their decision, they approved the plan.
– Being certain of their decision, the board members approved the plan.
– Certain of their decision, the board members approved the plan.
董事會成員確信他們的決定是正確的，於是他們批准了這項計劃。 - Because she was aware of the risks, she proceeded with caution.
– Being aware of the risks, she proceeded with caution.
– Aware of the risks, she proceeded with caution.
她意識到這些風險，因此謹慎地繼續進行。 - Because he was proud of his achievements, he shared them with his family.
– Being proud of his achievements, he shared them with his family.
– Proud of his achievements, he shared them with his family.
他對自己的成就感到驕傲，並與家人分享了這些成就。
下面直接顯示簡化being的情況 - Although he was injured, he finished the race.
= Injured, he finished the race.
雖然他受傷了，但他完成了比賽。 - Because it was designed by a famous architect, the building attracted many tourists.
= Designed by a famous architect, the building attracted many tourists.
因為這座建築是由一位著名建築師設計的，吸引了許多遊客。 - Since it was built in the 18th century, the bridge has become a historic landmark.
= Built in the 18th century, the bridge has become a historic landmark.
自從建於18世紀以來，這座橋已成為一個歷史地標。
像這一類的省略being留下現在分詞跟過去分詞的分詞構句，是考試常見的考題。要判斷是用Ving還是Vpp，要從後面的主要子句的主詞來看：分詞構句的動作如果是主詞作的，就用Ving; 如果主詞分詞構句的動作的接受者，就要用Vpp。
分詞構句的否定形式
當副詞子句是否定的時候，要如何變成分詞構句呢？其實很簡單，將be動詞或助動詞do / does / did省略，留下not當分詞構句的開頭即可。例如：Because she did not know what to do, she asked for help.這個句子要變成分詞構句，除了將動詞加上ing破壞動詞，連接詞跟與主要子句相同的主詞省略外，還要將句中的did省略，這樣，就得到否定形式的分詞構句 – Not knowing what to do, she asked for help.(不知道該怎麼辦，她尋求幫助)。
- Because she did not know the answer, she didn’t raise her hand.
– Not knowing the answer, she didn’t raise her hand.
因為她不知道答案，所以她沒有舉手。 - Because they weren’t satisfied with the service, they decided to leave.
– Not satisfied with the service, they decided to leave.
因為他們對服務不滿意，所以他們決定離開。 - Since he did not have enough money, he couldn’t buy the ticket.
– Not having enough money, he couldn’t buy the ticket.
因為他沒有足夠的錢，所以他無法買票。 - Because she wasn’t paying attention, she missed the announcement.
– Not paying attention, she missed the announcement.
因為她沒有注意，所以錯過了通知。
常見分詞構句的錯誤 – 懸垂分詞
使用分詞構句時，要注意確保分詞構句中的分詞的動作者要與主要子句的主詞一致，不然讀者會無法請處理解句意。這種分詞構句的動作者與主要子句不一樣的錯誤被稱為懸垂分詞，是國人在寫作分詞構句中最常犯的錯誤之一，因為用中文思考，會覺得很順。
接下來是一句錯誤的分詞構句，並解釋該如何修正：
懸垂分詞: Driving down the street, the trees on both sides were beautiful.
– 這句英文的中文翻譯為開車在街上，兩旁樹木很美，非常順暢合理。但是，以英文句子的概念，卻是錯的，因為分詞構句的動作是driving，主要子句的主詞是the trees，無法做driving的動作
– 修改的方法是找出driving的動作者，將後面的主要子句改寫，例如，假設driving動作者是I，就將後面主要子句的主詞改成I，再改寫主要子句就可以了
修正的句子: Driving down the street, I found the trees on both sides were beautiful.
下面有幾句懸垂分詞的例句，請先遮住下面修改的句子，自己先看看是否能改成正確的句子
- 懸垂分詞：Walking into the room, the lights suddenly turned on.
修正的句子：Walking into the room, I noticed the lights suddenly turned on.
走進房間時，我注意到燈突然亮了。 - 懸垂分詞： Flying over the city, the skyscrapers looked tiny.
修正的句子：Flying over the city, we saw the skyscrapers looked tiny.
飛越城市時，我們看到摩天大樓顯得很渺小。 - 懸垂分詞：Having finished the assignment, the computer was shut down.
修正的句子：Having finished the assignment, she shut down the computer.
完成作業後，她關掉了電腦。 - 懸垂分詞：Looking out the window, the rain was pouring down.
修正的句子: Looking out the window, she saw the rain pouring down.
望向窗外時，她看到大雨滂沱。 - 懸垂分詞：After reading the book, the movie seemed disappointing.
修正的句子：After reading the book, I found the movie seemed disappointing.
讀完這本書後，我覺得這部電影令人失望。
在使用分詞構句時，要注意是否符合自己想要表達的意思。檢查分詞的做動作者是否與主要子句一致，如果有疑義或語意模糊，就將分詞構句改回副詞子句來表示。例如：Walking down the street, my friend waved at me.這句話的意思是「我的朋友在街上走時，向我招手」，如果想要表達的是「我走在路上，我的朋友跟我招手」，這句英文就不正確，可以改成Walking down the street, I saw my friend waving at me.或是乾脆改回副詞子句When I walked down the street, my friend waved at me.
獨立分詞構句
什麼是獨立分詞構句？文法書上的解釋是在一個句子中使用一個獨立於主要子句的分詞結構，這個結構通常由一個名詞或代詞加上分詞組成。但是，說的簡單點就是，副詞子句的動作者跟主要子句的主詞不同，要改成分詞構句時，要將他的主詞留下，不可省略。
獨立分詞構句的演化
分詞構句最重要的要點，就是分詞的動作者要跟主要子句相同。在寫句子時，如果兩個動作的動作者的主詞不同，分詞部分的主詞要留下，就是獨立分詞構句。
演化說明如下：
Since it was late, we decided to call it a day.It being late, we decided to call it a day.(由於已經很晚了，我們決定今天就到此為止。)
– It being late, we decided to call it a day.It being late, we decided to call it a day.
副詞子句的動詞加上ing破壞動詞，連接詞省略，但是主詞不同，主詞要留下 – 這樣就叫做獨立分詞構句
除了副詞子句外，用and連接兩個同時發生的事件也可以構成獨立分詞構句，常用來表示主要子句事件的伴隨條件或背景，例如：She stood there, tears streaming down her face.她站在那裡，淚水順著臉頰流下。
- Weather permitting, we will have a picnic tomorrow.
如果天氣允許，我們明天會去野餐。 - The sun having set, we continued our journey.
儘管太陽已經落山，我們繼續旅程。 - Weather permitting, we will go hiking.
如果天氣允許，我們會去爬山。 - The test being difficult, many students failed.
因為考試很難，很多學生沒通過。 - The meeting having ended, everyone left the room.
會議結束後，所有人離開了房間。 - The work finished, he went home.
工作完成後，他回家了。 - The weather being fine, we decided to go for a walk.
天氣很好，我們決定去散步。 - The teacher being ill, the class was canceled.
老師生病了，所以課被取消了。 - The situation being urgent, we had to act immediately.
情況緊急，我們不得不立即行動。 - All things considered, it was a successful event.
考慮到所有因素，這是一個成功的活動。
The weather being cold, we still went out for a walk.
儘管天氣很冷，我們還是出去散步了。 - The roads being slippery, many accidents occurred.
因為路面很滑，發生了很多事故。 - He sat in the chair, his eyes closed.
他坐在椅子上，閉著眼睛。
his eyes closed是被動態的獨立分詞構句 - The enemy troops approaching, the villagers started to evacuate.
敵軍接近時，村民們開始撤離。 - The exam (being) over, the students were visibly relieved.
考試結束後，學生們明顯感到輕鬆了。
已經成為慣用語的獨立分詞構句
獨立分詞構句是一種特別的語法結構，通常表示一個背景情況或條件。隨著時間的推移，有一些獨立分詞構句已經成為慣用語，在日常英語中經常使用。以下是幾個常見的例子：
- weather permitting 如果天氣允許
例句：We’ll have the picnic tomorrow, weather permitting.
如果天氣允許，我們明天會舉辦野餐。 - all things considered 考慮到所有因素 / 總的來說
例句：All things considered, the event was a success.
總的來說，這次活動是成功的。 - that being said 話雖如此
例句：I’m not a fan of the plan. That being said, I’ll support it if everyone else agrees.
我並不喜歡這個計劃。話雖如此，如果大家都同意，我會支持它。 - Time permitting 如果時間允許
例句：We’ll visit the museum tomorrow, time permitting.
如果時間允許，我們明天會參觀博物館。 - God willing 如果上帝願意(意指希望一切順利)
例句：We’ll meet again next year, God willing.
如果上帝願意，我們明年再見。 - strictly speaking 嚴格來說
例句：Strictly speaking, that’s not entirely correct.
嚴格來說，那並不完全正確。 - judging by appearances 從表面來看
例句：Judging by appearances, he seems quite successful.
從表面來看，他似乎相當成功。 - generally speaking 一般來說
例句：Generally speaking, people are more productive in the morning.
一般來說，人們在早晨更有生產力。 - assuming (that) 假設(在這種情況下)
例句：Assuming the weather is good, we’ll go hiking this weekend.
假設天氣良好，我們這個週末去遠足。 - broadly speaking 大致說來
例句：Broadly speaking, the new policy has been well received.
大致說來，新政策受到了好評。 - frankly speaking 坦白說
例句：Frankly speaking, I don’t think this is a good idea.
坦白說，我不認為這是個好主意。 - technically speaking 從技術上來說
例句：Technically speaking, the project is feasible.
從技術上來說，這個專案是可行的。 - needless to say 不用說
例句：Needless to say, the project was a huge success.
不用說，這個專案非常成功。 - financially speaking 從經濟的角度來說
例句：Financially speaking, it was a sound investment.
從經濟的角度來說，這是一項穩健的投資。 - considering the circumstances 考慮到當時的情況
例句：Considering the circumstances, they did quite well.
考慮到當時的情況，他們做得相當不錯。
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