兩種片語動詞
片語動詞分兩種,一種是動詞+介副詞,如on、off、down、up 等; 另一種是動詞+介系詞,如at、for、with等。當片語動詞的結構是動詞+介副詞,則受詞可以在片語動詞的中間或後面,但是,如果受詞是代名詞時,就一定要移動到中間; 當片語動詞的結構是動詞+介系詞時,受詞不管是不是代名詞,都不可以移到片語動詞中間。
既然如此,學會判定動詞後面是介系詞還是介副詞就很重要。我們用一個簡單的句型來分辨 – It’s +目標單字,例如:
- It’s on.
- It’s off.
- It’s up.
- It’s back.
- It’s down.
- It’s for
- It’s at
- It’s with
- It’s after
在這九個句子中,第一到第五句中的語意是完整的,不覺得奇怪,這種字用來構成片語動詞時,就叫做介副詞。而第六到第九句則讓人覺得奇怪,感覺語意不完整,這種字就是介系詞,介系詞後面一定要加上受詞,語意才完整。
片語動詞結構為動詞+介副詞
有兩種介副詞:第一種就是字本身是副詞,但構成片語動詞時,並不是用來修飾動詞特色,而是變化動詞的意思,所以不能說他是副詞,就稱呼為介副詞。這些字有:off, up, down, back, away, along等; 另一種字本身可以當是介系詞也可以當副詞,例如:over, on, in等字,讓學習者困惑的通常就是這組字了,因為在有些片語動詞中,他們是介副詞,但在別的片語動詞中,他們卻當介系詞用。下面介紹幾個常見的這一類片語動詞,在例句中,片語動詞會以底線標示出來,而受詞會以粗體標示,請讀者觀察受詞的位置。
請注意:並不是每個後面接介副詞的片語動詞都是及物動詞,但是,在這裡,我們所舉的例子都是及物的片語動詞。
- My partner backed me up over my decision to move to another city.
支持 - They called off the game because it was going to rain.
=They called the game off because it was going to rain.
取消 - She always gives away her old clothes to the Goodwill.
=She always gives her old clothes away to the Goodwill.
給人,捐出 - Please wake me up before 7.
叫醒 - He made up a story about why he was late.
捏造故事,說謊
這一句的受詞太長了,所以不會移動到片語動詞中間,以免讀者感到迷惑不解 - He put on the cap and stepped out of the door.
=He put the cap on and stepped out of the door.
穿戴上 - They turned my proposal down.
=They turned down my proposal.
他們拒絕了我的提案 - She will never find it out , if you don’t tell her.
發現
片語動詞結構為動詞+介系詞
其實,我們對於介系詞是非常熟悉的,因為大多數的介系詞都在基本300單字內。而,我們在句子中,常見的副詞:一般、程度、原因、目的、地方與時間等副詞,大都是將介系詞加上名詞構成的。常見的用來構成片語動詞的介系詞有:at, for, with, about, of, into, to, 下面介紹幾個常見的這一類片語動詞,在例句中,受詞會以粗體標示,請注意不管受詞是否為代名詞,他們都要放在片語動詞後面。
- I ran across my high school friend at the party.
偶然遇見 - My friend promised to look after my dog for me.
照顧 - The band wanted to go after their dream.
追求夢想 - You will succeed if you stick to it.
堅持 - She looked at the cute little boy.
看著 - My sister tried to go after him in her car.
開車追著他
片語動詞結構為三個字以上
,通常,用三個字以上來構成片語動詞,第三個字都是介系詞為多。所以,受詞不管是名詞還是代名詞,都要放在片語動詞後面。要請讀者注意這一部份片語動詞的第三個字,有很多是第一部分所介紹的介副詞當介系詞用。
- It’s time to do away with all of these old records.
該把全部這些舊的錄音帶丟了(with是介系詞) - She came up with a good idea.
她想到了一個好主意(with是介系詞) - I am looking forward to seeing you.
期待見到你(to是介系詞) - She can’t put up with it anymore.
忍受 - Be sure to look out for snakes on the trail.
要小心注意(for是介系詞) - You should take care of your little brother.
照顧(of是介系詞) - She always looks down on the poor.
瞧不起(on在這裡是介系詞) - It is hard for him to catch up with her.
追上 - We are running out of oil.
就要沒油了 - We needed to pay the store owner a lot of money to make up for her loss.
片語動詞列表:這裡介紹一個免費資源,一份長達137頁的完整片語動詞的pdf,裡面每個片語都以英文解釋意思,並附有例句,非常實用。
學習者如果有其他易混淆的單字上的疑惑,可以到我們『英文單字與片語』專頁,看看有沒有相關文章。