would
would是will的過去式,他的用法有以下幾個:
- 過去未來式
- 過去習慣
- 間接引述法
- 假設語氣
- 推測語法
- 客氣請求
過去未來式
敘事時間在過去,在作為標示時間點的動作發生時,一件事如果還沒發生,就要用would V原型來表示未來式,這種時態稱為過去未來式。因為未來式助動詞will也可以用來表示主詞的意願,所以,在過去未來式中,would也可以用來表示主詞的意願。
- Two years ago, I met a handsome young man on my trip to Japan. At that time, I didn’t know he would become my stepfather.
*標示時間點的動作為met(過去式),年輕帥哥成為繼父的事件尚未發生,所以時態用would become(過去未來式) - I asked him for help because I knew it would be impossible for me to finish the work alone on time.
因為我知道我自己不可能獨立準時完成工作,所以請他幫忙
*標示時間點的動作是knew(過去式),無法完成工作這件事尚未發生,用would be(過去未來式) - He would not go camping with his family when he got older.
這裡when帶領的時間副詞子句表明了事件發生在過去 (動詞got) ,而主要子句would既表達事件尚未發生,也強調主詞he的意願 - He would go even though he knew it was dangerous.
這裡though帶領的副詞子句表明了事件發生在過去 (動詞knew) ,主要子句would既表達事件尚未發生,也強調主詞he的意願
過去習慣
在說到過去的習慣時,我們腦中第一個想到的英文是used to V原型。其實,would +V原型也可以表達過去的習慣,不過,兩個用法有一點差異:
- used to V原型
用來表示過去有規律性的習慣(像是,以前我每天都七點起來,這一類的規律性習慣); 同時,使用used to時,說話者還暗示著現在已不再這麼做了。進一步了解used to 用法,請看『完整解析used to 跟be used to 用法』一文 - would V原型
表示過去沒有規律性的習慣(像是,我心情不好的時候,就會跑去河邊坐著,這一類的情況)。同時,說話者也沒有要比較過去跟現在不同。
- I would play online games for hours without going to the bathroom.
我常玩網路遊戲,一玩就好幾個小時,都沒有上廁所 - When I lived in Taipei, I would often stay out late.
住在台北的時候,我常在外面玩到很晚才回家 - She would doze off in math class in high school.
她中學時,上數學課常會打瞌睡
間接引述法與間接問句
我們常需要引述別人或自己說過的話(或問句),這時,我們可以使用直接引述跟直接問句,或間接引述跟間接問句兩種方法。直接就是用引號,將說話者所說的話直接一字不改地照抄下來,因此,即使敘述時間是在過去,引號中的時間視同當下,說話當下還沒發生的事用will。而間接就是拿掉了引號,這時說話內容的時態要依照敘事時間改變時態(還有代名詞、時間副詞跟地方副詞有時也要改變,不過在本文中不會討論這一點。)
- 直接引述法:I told him, “I will not go with you.” – 在引號中,時間視同當下,所以說話當下還沒發生的事用助動詞will,即使敘事時間是過去(told)
=間接引述法:I told him (that) I would not go with him. – 沒有引號,由主要子句的動詞told得知敘述時間在過去,說話的時候還沒發生的事要用助動詞would來表示未來(過去未來式) - 直接問句:She asked me, “Will you come to my party?”
=間接問句:She asked me if I would come to her party.
- They told me they would stay there until 11 p.m.
- My teacher promised me that he would not tell my father.
- My father asked me if I would go with him.
- I wondered where he would be.
- I promised I would lend her the money.
我答應借她錢。(使用would lend,聽眾在聽到這句話時,其實並不能確定在說話的當下,說話者已經借她錢了沒)
*I have promised I will lend her the money.
將標注敘事時間的動詞promised的時態改成現在完成式,那麼後面就能使用will lend,清楚地點出還沒有借出錢
*I promised I will lend her the money.現在也有人說,當說話者在對另一個人說這句話的時候(也就是現在),雖然promised的動作已經發生,但是,如果借錢的動作還沒發生,可以用will lend來做一個標注,讓語意更清晰。(我想這是由於語言趨向簡化,不用現在完成式have promised來標注敘事時間,不過,這比較是口語的用法。)
假設語氣
假設語氣句型的助動詞中,should表示應該、居然、萬一; could表示能夠,有能力做; might表示可能性; 而would則表達意願。進一步了解假設語氣,請閱讀『if句型:三張圖表完全理解假設語氣』
- If I were a bird, I would fly to you.
如果我是一隻小鳥,我現在就會(意願)飛到你身邊。(事實上,不是小鳥,所以無法飛到你身邊) - If his sister had had money then, she would have bought the house.
如果他妹妹那時有錢,她那時就會買了那房子(事實上沒錢,所以那時沒買) - A lady would not speak ill of others.
淑女是不會(意願)說別人壞話的
– 這句話是由If she were a lady, she would not speak ill of others.省略而來的,所以說話者在說這句話時,心中的想法是那個女士不是個淑女(現在結果非事實) - Would that I were rich.
=I wish I were rich.
Would that跟I wishㄧ樣,表達難以達成或與事實想反的願望,也是一種假設語氣 - It would be dangerous to play on the road.
在路上玩很危險 – 這種用法也是一種假設語氣,因為在路上玩這件事非現在事實(還沒發生)*這裡的would沒有意願的意思。 - Anybody else would have believed you.
換作其他人,早就相信你了(事實上,不是其他任何人聽你說話,所以用假設語氣)
推測
如果使用would來做對未來的推測,通常表示說話者是根據一些資訊做出的推測。
- It has been estimated that the world’s population would increase by two billion people in the next thirty years. (也可以用It is estimated….)
據估計,世界人口在接下來的30年會增加20億人。(在這裏,would increase是對未來的一種推測,並未確定。這時,可以使用would,也可以使用will - This would be his English teacher.
這應該是他的英文老師 (說話者根據已知的一些資訊做推測,但並不百分百肯定,通常這是口語用法) - He would have reached Taipei by now.
他現在應該已經到台北了(不出意外的話,通常這也是口語用法))
口語用法:客氣的請求或表達過去的意願
在口語中,即使敘事時間是現在,未來是應該用will當助動詞,但是,為了表示禮貌或讓語氣不那麼強烈,我們使用would(使用could,就更禮貌了。)
- Would you do me a favor, please?
請你幫我忙,好嗎? - Would you please teach me how to do it?
能請你教我如何做嗎? - Would you mind shutting the window?
請關上窗好嗎?
*mind後面要用動名詞 - My father wouldn’t let me go out after 7 p.m..
我爸不讓我晚上七點以後出門 - He wouldn’t take the job offer.
他不願意接受那份工作
would的慣用語
這裡介紹幾個常見的would的慣用語:
- would like +N / would like to V原型 (想要)
- would rather V原型 (寧可做)
would rather not V原型(寧可不做) - would rather Va原型 than Vb原型 (寧可做A,也不要做B)
- would prefer to V原型 (寧願)
would prefer not to V原型 (寧願不) - would sooner V原型 (寧可做)- 現在很少人用sooner
- Would you mind Ving (能不能請你做….)
- Would you mind if SV
你介意我做….嗎?
- I would like to go to the concert with you.
我想要跟你一起去看表演 - I would rather go to school.
我寧願去上學 - She would rather not go out with her parents.
她寧可不要跟她的父母一起出去 - The boy would rather stay at home alone than go camping with his family.
那男孩寧可自己一個人待在家裡,也不要跟他的家人一起去露營 - I would prefer not to talk about it.
我不想討論這個問題 - Would you mind turning on the light?
能請你開燈嗎? - Would you mind if I turn on the light?
我可以開燈嗎?(你會介意嗎?)
對於should的用法有興趣的讀者,可以閱讀『should的用法』這篇文章。如果你有其他文法上的疑惑,可以到我們『英文文法』專頁,看看有沒有文章探討相關文法問題。或者你有其他易混淆的單字上的疑惑,可以到我們『英文單字與片語』專頁,看看有沒有相關文章。