who,whom,whose的用法
認識英文句子裡的主詞、受詞與所有格
英文句子結構裡,有主詞跟受詞。將一個英文句子的動詞標示出來,找到動詞後,往前找名詞,再判斷這個名詞是否為做動作者,如果是的話,就是主詞,而在動詞後面的名詞就是受詞,也就是接受動作者(請注意倒裝句的情況例外)。還有,在介系詞後面的名詞也是受詞(要注意:介系詞後面一定要用名詞的受格,這個名詞並不是接受動作者)。當要表達名詞的擁有者時,會在名詞前面使用所有格。下面的例句中,動詞用粗體字呈現,主詞用中括號,受詞用小括號,而所有格用底線標示出來。
- [John] is at (the table).
- [His father] drove to (Taipei) last Sunday.
- [Lily] called on (John’s mother) at 7:00.
- [They] went to (the park) with (their uncle).
在這個句子中,their uncle是介系詞with的受詞,但不是動詞went的受詞 - [She] asked (John) for help.
help是for的受詞,但這裡我們只討論人
認識who,whom,whose疑問句的造法
造疑問句時,句子的主詞動詞要倒裝,再依照詢問的資訊為何,選擇疑問詞放在句首。who問做動作的人是誰,也就是主詞,所以後面會直接跟著動詞。whom問接受動作的人是誰,也就是受詞。同時,whom還用來問跟在介系詞後面的人是誰,因為,介系詞後面要接受詞(這個觀念很重要)。除此之外,whom因為問的是受詞,所以它的後面會有主詞跟動詞。至於whose,則是問誰的,所以whose後面會接名詞。接下來,將上面的例句改變為who、whom和whose的問句。
- Who is at the table?
遮住who,剩下的句子部分沒有主詞,所以不用倒裝 - Who drove to Taipei last Sunday?
遮住who,剩下的句子部分沒有主詞,所以不用助動詞did倒裝。沒有助動詞did,動詞保持過去式 - Whose father drove to Taipei last Sunday?
遮住whose father,剩下的句子部分也沒有主詞,所以不用倒裝 - Whose mother did Lily call on at 7:00?
遮住whose mother,剩下的句子部分有主詞,所以要倒裝,動詞為called,用助動詞did,放到主詞前面,再將call改為原型
= Whom did Lily call on at 7:00?
我們也可以用whom來代替whose mother來造問句 - Whom did she ask for help?
whom問接受動作者(動詞的受詞),所以whom的後面一定會有主詞跟動詞 - Whom did they go to the park with?
With whom did they go to the park?
(我們也可以把介系詞移到whom前面去)
請注意第6項裡面的兩個問句:因為whom只能代替受詞,所以,在第一個問句裡,介系詞被留在最後面,不可以省略。而在第二個問句裡,介系詞直接跟著whom移到句首。不過,在現在美式英文口語中,問句已經不用whom了,所以也請不要用whom來造問句。
用who,whom,whose造名詞子句
名詞子句的造法其實跟疑問句很像,只是名詞子句不倒裝,也就是說,不把be動詞跟助動詞移到主詞前面。而且,因為名詞子句是名詞的一種,所以它在句子裡會當主詞、受詞或補語。
先將上面的who,whom跟whose的疑問句變成名詞子句 – 要注意將句子變回沒有倒裝的樣子時,動詞的變化 – 再放在I don’t know的後面當know的受詞。
- I don’t know who is at the table.
因為who是疑問句的主詞,原本疑問句就沒有倒裝, - I don’t know who drove to Taipei last Sunday.
- I don’t know whose father drove to Taipei last Sunday.
- I don’t know whose mother Lily called on at 7:00.
將句子變成沒有倒裝時,助動詞did被拿掉,所以動詞要改回過去式 - I don’t know whom Lily called on at 7:00.
將句子變成沒有倒裝時,助動詞did被拿掉,所以動詞要改回過去式 - I don’t know whom they went to the park with.
I don’t know with whom they went to the park.
將句子變成沒有倒裝時,助動詞did被拿掉,所以動詞要改回過去式 - I don’t know whom she asked for help?
將句子變成沒有倒裝時,助動詞did被拿掉,所以動詞要改回過去式
同樣地,在現在美式英文口語中,名詞子句也請不要用whom。
who,whom跟whose帶領的名詞子句也可以當主詞,但是因為英文不喜歡主詞太長,一來顯得頭重腳輕,二來如果主詞本身具有動詞,會影響讀者的理解。所以,為了避免誤解,當名詞子句當主詞時,會使用it代替主詞,將真正的主詞移到句子後面,這種句型稱為虛主詞句型。
- Who is at the table doesn’t matter.
改為
It doesn’t matter who is at the table. - Whose mother Lily called on at 7:00 is unknown.
改為
It is unknown whose mother Lily called on at 7:00. - Whom they went to the park with is not important.
改為
It is not important whom they went to the park with.
或
It is not important with whom they went to the park.
用who,whom,whose造形容詞子句
顧名思義,形容詞子句就是形容詞,用來描述名詞的特色。因為它是兩個字以上構成一個完整的形容詞的概念,要放在名詞的後面,所以,形容詞子句的6w前面,一定會有這個子句所修飾的名詞,稱為先行詞。(想要進一步了解形容詞子句,請看『補述用法與限定用法』一文)
who, whom跟whose的前面的名詞(先行詞)一定是人:下面的例子裡,形容詞子句用底線標示出來,形容詞子句的who / whom / whose 用粗體字,而形容詞子句前的名詞(先行詞)用中括號標示出來。要記得,英文句子的基本結構是先寫主詞,再寫動詞,如果有受詞,要緊緊跟在動詞的後面。不過如果動詞是兩個字構成的動詞片語,而受詞是一個名詞子句或有很多個字構成的名詞片語,有時為了避免讀者誤解,會用虛受詞it,將真正的受詞移到後面去。進一步了解虛主詞與虛受詞,請閱讀『it的用法』
請注意:whose在形容詞子句中,先行詞可以不是人,代替非人所有格
- who帶領的形容詞子句的先行詞,就是這個子句的主詞(做動作者)
Sam didn’t go to the party with Mary. Mary was his neighbor.
=Sam didn’t go to the party with [Mary], who was his neighbor.
第二句的Mary是句子的主詞,用who代替,接到第一句Mary的後面,這樣讀者就知道who=Mary。請注意,因為who代替主詞,所以who後面直接接動詞 - whom帶領的形容詞子句的先行詞,是這個子句的受詞(接受動作者)
The girl is John’s sister.
Sam went to the party with her.
=[The girl] whom Sam went to the party with is John’s sister.
第二句中,the girl是介系詞with的受詞,所以用whom代替the girl,移到第一句the girl後面,這樣讀者就知道whom=the girl。請注意,因為whom代替受詞,所以whom的後面一定有主詞跟動詞 - whose帶領的形容詞子句的先行詞,在後面的形容詞子句里,使用這個名詞的所有格
John is my best friend.
His sister is one of the most popular singers.
=John, whose sister is one of the most popular singers, is my best friend.第二個句子中,his=John’s是所有格,用whose代替,並將這個句子移到第ㄧ個句子John的後面,這樣讀者就知道whose sister=John’s sister。因為whose是代替所有格,所以他的後面ㄧ定有一個名詞,再接動詞
- whose也可以帶領形容詞子句的不是人的先行詞的所有格
I saw a book.
The cover of the book is red.
或是The book’s cover is red.
=I saw a book of which the cover is red.
=I saw a book whose cover is red.
以下,我們再舉幾個例子:
- Under the tree, there are many boys. Some of them are playing chess.
=Under the tree, there are many boys, some of whom are playing chess.
進一步了解,請閱讀『some of them 與 some of whom的用法與差別』 - His brother is a lawyer. His girlfriend is a famous singer,
=His brother, whose girlfriend is a famous singer, is a lawyer.
在his brother後面打逗號再加上形容詞子句,代表他只有一個兄弟 - I don’t know anyone who lives in my neighborhood.
了解了who, whom, whose的用法後,趕快練習用它們來造名詞子句與形容詞子句。隨著造的句子越多,對這幾個字的用法就越熟練,考試的時候,就會非常清楚選擇哪個答案才對。如果想要了解關係副詞when跟where與in which, on which, 等介系詞加上which的關係,請閱讀『in which, where, when – 介系詞加which的用法』一文。
此外,如果你有其他文法上的疑惑,可以到我們『英文文法』專頁,看看有沒有文章探討相關文法問題。