不規則動詞三態列表與判斷技巧
記憶不規則動詞三態最強效且永久的方法是如唱歌一般,原形 / 過去 唸二聲(尾音提高),過去分詞,唸四聲(尾音降下)。從開始學過去式時,就連同過去分詞一起念,學了幾個不規則動詞,就每天看著這些動詞的三態念一次,這對年紀小的學生非常有效(一定要看著字念)。
但是,有些不是1000單的動詞到了國高中才學到,有些學生比較疏於這個背三態的基本功,導致分不清一個動詞是不規則還是規則變化,這在寫作時或考試時,常造成學生的困擾。其實,不規則動詞三態還是有一些訣竅可以判定:
- 兩個音節以上的動詞通常都是規則動詞變化,除非,在這個動詞後面看到不規則的單音節動詞,如forgive, overcome, mistake, understand, awake等。這時,它的三態變化就跟最後這個單音節動詞一樣,如forgive / forgave / forgiven。請注意begin / began / begun雖然是兩個音節的不規則動詞,但不屬於這一類。
- 單音節的動詞,如果母音與字尾子音組合和任何一個不規則動詞三態的過去式一樣,通常是規則動詞變化,如cook, hook跟take / took / taken的過去式一樣是ook,所以是規則變化 cook / cooked / cooked,rent跟go / went / go的過去式的ent一樣,所以也是規則變化 rent / rented / rented (請注意:shed / shed / shed; hang / hung / hung; hold held held,還有ell的拼音組合例外)。
- 雖然是單音節的動詞,但他在1000單裡面是名詞時,通常也是規則動詞變化。
- 當動詞有兩個完全不同的語意時,有時,一個會是規則變化,另一個是不規則變化,如: lie (躺) / lay / lain; lie (說謊) / lied / lied
- 單音節動詞(不是上列第二或第三點所提及的動詞)的母音是短母音(通常拼字只有一個母音字母),子音是t時,常是不規則動詞,且三態常常一樣
- 單音節動詞母音為ee、ea或ake的動詞,很多是不規則動詞變化 (bake例外)。
雖然這些法則都有幾個例外,但是,在寫作考試時,如果ㄧ下子想不起來,可以做個判斷。
接下來介紹最常見的不規則三態動詞跟其中幾組相當規則的變化。
完全找不出規則的不規則動詞
這一組動詞,多是最常見的動詞,因為母音與字尾子音拼音組合在不規則三態中只出現一次(或是某些有規律的不規則動詞的例外),無法找出規則來,只能每天唸一次。在下面列表中,一併列出與其相關的常見的雙音節以上動詞變化。
is was been
am was been
are were been
choose chose chosen
come came come
dig dug dug
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
fly flew flown
get got got
give gave given
(forgive forgave forgiven)
go went gone
(undergo underwent undergone)
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard(*這個動詞過去式的發音很多人都念錯,heard的eard要唸成bird的ird)
(overhear overheard overheard)
hold held held
lie lay lain (*請注意:這個動詞有兩個語意:躺是不規則動詞,而說謊則是規則動詞)
light lit lit
lose lost lost(*這個動詞lose的母音要念成too的母音的聲音)
make made made(拼音組合ake的例外)
prove proved proven/proved
run ran run
shed shed shed
shoot shot shot
sit sat sat
stand stood stood
(understand understood understood)
stick stuck stuck
strike struck struck (注意struck與stick的母音發音不同)
wake woke woken (拼音組合ake的例外)
win won won
單音節動詞母音為短母音,字尾子音為t
這一組動詞,也是最常見的動詞,它們的三態是一樣的,原因可能是許多不規則動詞的三態變化只是將字尾子音改成t而已。還有幾個例外,也是不規則變化,但是三態不一樣。
bet bet bet
let let let
set set set
wet wet wet 也可以規則變化
*get got got (三態沒有一樣)
hit hit hit
fit fit fit 也可以規則變化
split split split
spit spat spat (也可以是spit spit spit)
*sit sat sat (三態沒有一樣)
cut cut cut
shut shut shut
put put put (請注意發音不同)
cast cast cast
(broadcast / broadcast / broadcast)
cost cost cost
hurt hurt hurt
burst burst burst
母音與字尾子音組合相同,變化也相同的不規則動詞
這幾組動詞的原形母音與字尾子音的拼音組合一樣,三態也完全一樣。
- end / ent / ent
bend bent bent
blend blent blent也可規則變化
lend lent lent
send sent sent
spend spent spent - ay / aid / aid
lay laid laid (請注意:很多人會將這個動詞跟lie lay lain 搞混)
pay paid paid
say said said - ind / ound / ound
bind bound bound裝訂在一起
find found found (注意:found (成立) / founded / founded)
wind wound wound (注意語意是蜿蜒而上,原形的母音發音跟kind一樣,不要唸成風wind) - in / an / un
begin began begun
spin span spun
*win won won (例外) - im / am / um
swim swam swum - ing / ang / ung
ring rang rung
spring sprang sprung
sing sang sung
*bring brought brought (例外) - ink / ank / unk
drink drank drunk
shrink shrank shrunk
sink sank sunk - cling clung clung
swing swung swung
stink stunk stunk
第四到第七點的不規則動詞原形的母音為i,後面加上鼻音m, n, ng, nk的變化大部分是母音變化 i / a / u,少部分的變化則為第八點所列的 i / u / u - ell / old / old
sell sold sold
tell told told - ell / elt / elt
smell smelt smelt 也可以規則變化
spell spelt spelt 也可以規則變化 - build built built
burnt burnt burnt 也可規則變化
dream dreamt dreamt也可規則變化
learn learnt learnt 也可規則變化
spoil spoilt spoilt 也可規則變化
第十跟十一點都是在字尾加上子音t (子音兩個 l,改成一個,再加上t) - ow / ew / own或
blow blew blown
grow grew grown
know knew known
throw threw thrown
*show showed shown (請注意:過去式是showed)
*fly flew flown (請注意:這個字原形不同,後面一樣,列在一起,比較容易記拼音) - aw / ew / awn
draw drew drawn
(withdraw withdrew withdrawn) - ear / ore / orn
swear swore sworn
tear tore torn
wear wore worn
*bear bore borne (語意是忍受,而born這個字大多用來表示出生I was born…)
*hear heard heard (例外) - ide / ode / idden
ride rode ridden
hide hid hidden
*slide slid slid (例外) - ite / it / itten
bite bit bitten
write wrote written - ive / ove / iven
drive drove driven
strive strove striven
thrive throve thriven也可以規則變化
*live lived lived (例外) - rise rose risen
(arise arose arisen)
雖然只有一個字,但是跟第十七點的母音變化跟發音都很像,所以列在這裡,比較容易記
*請注意:第十五點到第十八點的動詞過去分詞的母音發音為短母音,跟it的i 一樣
ought跟aught
這兩組動詞的過去式跟過去分詞發音一樣,但是拼字不一樣,一個是ought,一個是aught,讓很多人很困擾。其實,只要記住,原形是ch或tch(發音都是ch),過去式跟過去分詞就是aught,其他的原形拼音組合,過去是都是ought。
- ch / tch
catch caught caught
teach taught taught - 其他
bring brought brought
buy bought bought
fight fought fought
seek sought sought
think thought thought
原形動詞的母音為ea / ee / ake
當單音節動詞的原形的母音為ea,ee跟ake時,常是不規則動詞。
母音組合ea
- 這組字的原形母音拼音為ea,發音為eat的ea,但是它們的過去式跟過去分詞的母音拼音雖然一樣,但是發音為短母音,set的e 一樣
read read read
lean leant leant
mean meant meant
deal dealt dealt
leap leapt leapt也可規則變化 - 其他ea母音的不規則三態動詞
sweat sweat sweat 也可規則變化 (三態的母音發音都是短母音,跟set的e一樣)
spread spread spread (三態的母音發音都是短母音,跟set的e一樣)
break broke broken
speak spoke spoken
steal stole stolen
leave left left
beat beat beaten
lead led led
eat ate eaten
weave wove woven
母音組合ee的變化常常是原形為ee (發音為長母音),過去式跟過去分詞為e (發音為短母音)
- breed bred bred
bleed bled bled
feed fed fed - feel felt felt
kneel knelt knelt 也可規則變化 - creep crept crept
keep kept kept
sleep slept slept
sweep swept swept也可規則變化
weep wept wept - flee fled fled
meet met met - 雖然是ee組合,但是過去式跟過去分詞不是e
see saw seen
freeze froze frozen
母音組合為ake的不規則動詞
- take took taken
(mistake mistook mistaken)
shake shook shaken - make made made
wake woke woken
(awake awoke awoken)
動詞有兩個完全不同的語意,一個規則變化,另一個為不規則變化
這幾個動詞都有兩個語意,而且語意差很多,兩組語意的動詞一個為規則變化,另一個為不規則變化,可能是為了避免聽者誤解。
lie lay lain (躺)
lie lied lied (說謊)
hang hung hung (懸掛)
hang hanged hanged (絞死)
wind wound wound (注意語意是蜿蜒而上,原形的母音發音跟kind一樣,不要唸成風wind)
wind winded winded (注意語意是使呼吸困難,發音跟風wind一樣)
shine shone shone (發光、照耀*不過劍橋字典上標示也可以是規則變化)
shine shined shined (擦亮)
bid bid bid(出價)
bid bade bidden(命令或鼓吹人做事)
限定使用which, who, whom的情況
下面列的是常見複合動詞的三態變化,請注意他們後面都有一個單音節的不規則動詞,所以,三態跟著這個動詞一樣變化。
arise arose arisen
awake awoke awoken
backlight backlit backlit
become became become
breast-feed breast-fed breast-fed
cheerlead cheerled cheerled
foresee foresaw foreseen
forget forgot forgot (forgotten)
forgive forgave forgiven
input input input
interweave interwove interwoven
mistake mistook mistaken
overcome overcame overcome
overeat overate overeaten
oversleep overslept overslept
practice-teach practice-taught practice-taught(教學實習)
proofread proofread proofread
rewrite rewrote rewritten
troubleshoot troubleshot troubleshot
undo undid undone
understand understood understood
undertake undertook undertaken
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